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City Clocks - For repair, restoration and sales of longcase,
regulators and dial, skeleton, table and Mantle, carriage clocks, barometers
and watches Clocks and Watches, devices used to measure or indicate the passage
of time. A clock, which is larger than a watch, is usually intended to be
kept in one place; a watch is designed to be carried or worn. Both types of
timepiece require a source of power and a means of transmitting and controlling
it, as well as indicators to register the lapse of time units. II.
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Mechanisms Print section In a clock the source of power may be produced by
a weight, a mainspring, or an electric current. In mechanical clocks, periodic
lifting of the weight or tightening of the spring is needed. The motive force
generated by the power source in a mechanical clock is transmitted by a gear
train and regulated by a pendulum or a balance wheel. In such a clock the
time may be reported audibly by the striking of a gong or chime and is registered
visually by the rotation of wheels bearing numerals or by the position of
hands on a dial; in electric or electronic clocks, time may be shown by a
display of numbers. A mechanical watch uses a coiled spring as its power source.
As in spring-powered clocks, the watch transmits the spring's energy to the
hands by means of a gear train, with a balance wheel regulating the motive
force. III. Electric and Electronic Timepieces Print section In the electric
clocks used in homes today, a small motor runs in synchrony with the power-station
generator, which is regulated to deliver an alternating current of precise
frequency. Electric currents may also be used to keep the movements of several
"slave" clocks synchronized with the pendulum in a master clock. The quartz-crystal
clock developed (1929) for precision timekeeping employs a ring of quartz
that is connected to an electrical circuit that induces oscillation at about
100,000 Hz (hertz, or cycles per second). The high-frequency oscillation sets
up an alternating current, which is reduced to a frequency more convenient
for time measurement and recording, and is thus made to drive the motor that
controls the movement of the hands of the clock or watch. The maximum error
of the most accurate quartz-crystal clocks is plus or minus one second in
ten years. Electric and electronic watches are powered by small batteries
that function for about a year without replacement. The battery may be used
to stimulate the balance wheel oscillations of an otherwise mechanical clock,
or it may be used to drive the oscillations of a small tuning fork or, most
commonly, a quartz crystal.
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